隨著在職研究生的發(fā)展，越來越多的人員報(bào)考在職研究生。其中，在職研究生考試作為最大家最關(guān)心的問題，受到不少人員的咨詢。為幫助廣大考生能夠順利考上在職研究生，下面就介紹一下全國統(tǒng)考真題及參考答案(完整版)，具體內(nèi)如下：

Section II Reading Comprehensio

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown’s 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but it’s by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.

These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture—special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.

“I’m excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds’ waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”

The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.

Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).

The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. “They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they’re doing.”

21. The climate-friendly eggs are produced ______.

[A] at a considerably low cost

[B] at the demand of regular shopper

[C] as a replacement for organic egg

[D] on specially designed farm

22. Larry Brown is excited about his progress in ______.

[A] reducing the damage of climate change

[B] accelerating the disposal of waste

[C] creating a sustainable system

[D] attracting customers to his products

23. The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to suggest ______.

[A] the doubts over natural feed

[B] the setbacks in the egg industry

[C] the potential of regenerative product

[D] the promotional success of supermarket

24. It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people ______.

[A] are reluctant to change their diet

[B] are likely to buy climate-friendly egg

[C] are curious about new food

[D] are amazed at agriculture advance

25. John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative product’s ______.

[A] market prospect

[B] standard definitio

[C] nutritional value

[D] moral implicatio

21. [D] on specially designed farm

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞climate-friendly eggs定位到第一段末句：This all seems random, but it’s by design, part of ... next big thing: climate-friendly eggs(這看起來隨意，但其實(shí)是設(shè)計(jì)好的，是下一個(gè)大事件氣候友好蛋的一部分)。其中This指的是第一段開頭描述的養(yǎng)雞農(nóng)場(chǎng)景象。養(yǎng)雞農(nóng)場(chǎng)是設(shè)計(jì)好的，用于生產(chǎn)氣候友好蛋，由此可知?dú)夂蛴押玫笆窃趕pecially designed farms(經(jīng)過特別設(shè)計(jì)的農(nóng)場(chǎng))上生產(chǎn)的，所以本題選D。

22. [C] creating a sustainable system

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Larry Brown is excited about his progress定位到第三段①句，該句提到(Brown) is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat(Brown正在添加更多的覆蓋作物來吸引蠕蟲和蟋蟀給雞吃)。結(jié)合②句The birds’ waste then fertilizes fields(然后雞的排泄物可以給田地施肥)和③句中的Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed ...”(這樣的改進(jìn)使我們的母雞能夠找到更高質(zhì)量的天然食物)可知，C項(xiàng)creating a sustainable system(創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可持續(xù)的系統(tǒng))是對(duì)①-③句的合理概括，所以本題選C。

23. [C] the potential of regenerative product

【解析】本題為例證題。例證題通?？疾楦鶕?jù)論據(jù)尋找論點(diǎn)的能力，論點(diǎn)一般在論據(jù)的前面。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞organic eggs定位到第四段②句，該句為論據(jù)，其所要說明的事物為①句：whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering(來自再生農(nóng)場(chǎng)的動(dòng)物產(chǎn)品能否成為下一個(gè)優(yōu)質(zhì)產(chǎn)品)。C項(xiàng)the potential of regenerative products(再生產(chǎn)品的潛力)是對(duì)①句中問題的合理概括，所以本題選C。

24. [B] are likely to buy climate-friendly egg

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的young people可先定位到最后一段中的②句：younger generations are more concerned about climate change(年輕一代更加關(guān)心氣候變化)。結(jié)合③句中的Young adults “really care about the planet”(年輕人真的關(guān)心地球)和④句中的They are absolutely altering the food chain(他們絕對(duì)在改變食物鏈)，可以判斷年輕人很可能在從食物方面為改善氣候和地球環(huán)境做貢獻(xiàn)。B項(xiàng)are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs(可能購買氣候友好蛋)是對(duì)②-④句的合理推斷，所以本題選B。

25. [A] market prospect

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干中的John Brunnquell定位到最后一段中的③句，Brunnquell說年輕人真的關(guān)心地球。結(jié)合④句他說年輕人絕對(duì)在改變食物鏈，可見他認(rèn)為年輕人可能通過消費(fèi)氣候友好蛋等再生產(chǎn)品來保護(hù)地球，對(duì)再生產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)前景是樂觀的。再根據(jù)題干中的Julie Stanton定位到倒數(shù)第二段的①句，Stanton說Regenerative products could be a hard sell(再生產(chǎn)品可能要被強(qiáng)行推銷)，可見她對(duì)再生產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)前景是悲觀的。因此這兩人在再生產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)前景方面的觀點(diǎn)是不一致的，A項(xiàng)market prospects(市場(chǎng)前景)準(zhǔn)確指出了兩人觀點(diǎn)的分歧所在，所以本題選A。

Section II Reading Comprehensio

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 2

More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend that threatens to up end the old workforce model.

One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of “unretirees”–those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring–said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.

Financial needs aren’t the only culprit for the “unretirement” trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression.

“The concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. “It’s not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”

One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 3.2% from the prior year, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That’s also up 30.2% since 2010.

Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 “unretirees” are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.

Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.

“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring,” Weiss said. “It’s not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can’t retire.”

26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that .

[A] over half of the retirees are physically fit for work

[B] the old workforce is as active as the younger one doe

[C] one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement

[D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement

27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think that .

[A] retirement may cause problems for them

[B] boredom can be relieved after retirement

[C] the mental health of retirees is overlooked

[D] “unretirement”contributes to the economy

28. Retirement patterns are changing partly due to .

[A] labor shortage

[B] population growth

[C] longer life expectancy

[D] rising living cost

29. Many retirees are increasing their savings by .

[A] investing more in stock

[B] taking up odd jo

[C] getting well-paid work

[D] spending le

30. With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are .

[A] unprepared

[B] unafraid

[C] disappointed

[D] enthusiastic

【答案解析】

26. [D] more Americans are willing to work in retirement

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞The survey conducted by Harris Poll定位到第二段①句：One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life。D項(xiàng)中的are willing to work in retirement(愿意在退休后工作)是對(duì)原文have or plan to have a job in retirement(已經(jīng)或計(jì)劃在退休后獲得一份工作)的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，所以本題選D。

27. [A] retirement may cause problems for them

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Paragraph 3定位到第三段，Americans tend to think that在第三段中沒有對(duì)應(yīng)內(nèi)容，第三段整體分析了美國人選擇在退休后繼續(xù)工作的原因。①句說明經(jīng)濟(jì)需求不是唯一原因，②句列舉了其他原因，諸如保持精神健康，避免無聊或沮喪，由此可反推，美國人認(rèn)為退休會(huì)給自身帶來此類問題，所以本題選A。

28. [C] longer life expectancy

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Retirement patterns are changing定位到第五段①句One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer。C項(xiàng)longer life expectancy(更長(zhǎng)的預(yù)期壽命)為該句中Americans are living longer(美國人的壽命越來越長(zhǎng))的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，所以本題選C。

29. [D] spending le

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞increasing their savings可定位到第六段①句Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs，及②句Six in 10 “unretirees” are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life，這兩句都在描述美國人增加儲(chǔ)蓄的事實(shí)，緊承的③句Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses提出了最受歡迎的方式之一減少總體開支，對(duì)應(yīng)了D項(xiàng)，所以本題選D。

30. [A] unprepared

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞With regard to retirement，Brent Weiss定位到第七段①句Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss。由該句because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years(因?yàn)樗麄儞?dān)心晚年入不敷出)可推知，許多人并沒有準(zhǔn)備好退休，對(duì)應(yīng)了A項(xiàng)，所以本題選A。

Section II Reading Comprehensio

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 3

We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.

First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “dark patterns" is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to “roach motel”, where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.

In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonproft leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.

Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for the company's user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding “digital deception.”

Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.” The regulations aim to ban dark patterns- this means prohibiting companies from using "confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.”

As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standard.

31. It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns ______.

[A] improve user experience

[B] leak user information for profit

[C] undermine users’ decision-making

[D] remind users of hidden cost

32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show ______.

[A] their major flaw

[B] their complex desig

[C] their severe damage

[D] their strong presence

33. To handle digital deception, businesses should ______.

[A] listen to customer feedback

[B] talk with relevant team

[C] turn to independent agencie

[D] rely on professional training

34. The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to ______.

[A] guide users through opt-out processe

[B] protect consumers from being tricked

[C] grant companies data privacy right

[D] restrict access to problematic content

35. According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is ______.

[A] new legal requirement

[B] businesses' self-discipline

[C] strict regulatory standards

[D] consumers' safety awarene

【答案】

31. [C] undermine users’ decision-making

32. [D] their strong presence

33. [B] talk with relevant team

34. [B] protect consumers from being tricked

35. [B] businesses' self-discipline

Section II Reading Comprehensio

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 4

Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.

The researchers investigated one class session’s impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester—nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.

Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent—and this effect held steady for the study’s duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.

“That's actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,” Schwitzgebel says.

Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: “Easy come, easy go.”

Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence—classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and students’ video exposure. Meanwhile Schwitzgebel—who had predicted no effect—will be eating his words.

36. Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes are ______.

[A] hard to determine

[B] narrowly interpreted

[C] difficult to ignore

[D] poorly summarized

37. Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat-eating?

[A] It is common among students.

[B] It is a behavior easy to measure.

[C] It is important to students’ health.

[D] It is a hot topic in ethics classes.

38. Eric Schwitzgebel’s previous findings suggest that ethics professors ______.

[A] are seldom critical of their student

[B] are less sociable than other professor

[C] are not sensitive to political issue

[D] are not necessarily ethically better

39. Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is ______.

[A] permanent

[B] predictable

[C] uncertai

[D] unrepeatable

40. Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students’ change in behavior ______.

[A] can bring psychological benefit

[B] can be analyzed statistically

[C] is a result of multiple factor

[D] is a sign of self-development

【答案解析】

36. [A] hard to determine

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Scientists、ethics classes定位到第一段①句的前半句：Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior。其中can actually change behavior(確實(shí)能夠改變行為)指的就是題干中的effects(效果)。A項(xiàng)hard to determine(很難確定)是對(duì)①句中unsure(不確定的)的同義替換。所以本題選A。

37. [B] It is a behavior easy to measure.

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞reason定位到第二段②句：They chose this particular behavior for three reasons ...: students’ attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good ...。其中They指the researchers，this particular behavior指meat-eating。B項(xiàng)It is a behavior easy to measure(它是一種容易測(cè)量的行為)是對(duì)②句中behavior is easily measurable(行為是容易測(cè)量的)的同義替換。所以本題選B。

38. [D] are not necessarily ethically better

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞previous findings和ethics professors定位到第三段①句的后半句：he had previously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation ...。其中he指Eric Schwitzgebel, a range of behaviors指的是包括投票率、獻(xiàn)血等在內(nèi)的道德行為。D項(xiàng)are not necessarily ethically better(未必在道德上更好)是對(duì)①句中do not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors(在一系列行為上與其他教授并無不同)的合理概括。所以本題選D。

39. [C] uncertai

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Nina Strohminger和the effect定位到第四段②句：Psychologist Nina Strohminger ... says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable。其中the effect指the effect of the intervention。C項(xiàng)uncertain(不確定的)是對(duì)②句中cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable(不能排除一些未知的混淆變量)的合理推斷，即Nina Strohminger認(rèn)為一些混淆變量可能和the intervention干預(yù)手段一起影響了實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，因此干預(yù)手段的效果是不確定的。所以本題選C。

40. [C] is a result of multiple factor

【解析】本題為細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Schwitzgebel suspects定位到第五段①句的前半句：Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence，即導(dǎo)致學(xué)生行為變化的最大影響來自于社會(huì)影響。結(jié)合②句中的Second, the video may have had an emotional impact(第二，視頻可能產(chǎn)生了情感方面的影響)，以及③句中的Least rousing ... was rational argument(最不激動(dòng)人心的是理性討論)，可知Schwitzgebel提到了社會(huì)影響、視頻、理性討論等多種影響因素。C項(xiàng)is a result of multiple factors(是多種因素的結(jié)果)是對(duì)①-③句中各種影響因素的合理概括。所以本題選C。